Adopt a Child :: Essays research papers, Adoption

Receive A-Child, Inc., is an authorized, non-benefit selection organization committed to the perfect of uniting couples or people looking to fabricate their families with remote conceived newborn children or youngsters who need homes. The youngsters we distinguish for selection have been unavoidably discharged by their folks or different family members because of death or relinquishment. These adolescents are vagrants as indicated by U.S. what's more, worldwide legitimate definitions. In this manner, as per the laws of the two nations concerned, they are completely accessible for appropriation. Our staff of prepared social specialists have finished various receptions with couples and people all through the United States and with U.S. residents abroad. We bolster and instruct our customers, engaging them to settle on the best choice for their specific circumstances. Our spotlight all through the procedure is on social assistance, to guarantee the most ideal change of kids and guardians to their new families. Receive A-Child has built up a solid system of associations with appropriation authorities in numerous remote nations, increasing a notoriety for undeniable unwavering quality and honesty. In every one of these nations we have built up a prepared, experienced and very much administered staff with whom we convey intently, and can coordinate through telephone, fax, and email. We likewise cause ordinary visits to the nations from which we to receive so as to screen tasks, visit halfway houses and to meet with reception authorities. We are a full-administration organization giving selection help as well as pre-and post-reception bolster directing. Among our administrations, we keep up a functioning guardians system to give a gathering to training, socialization, diversion and common help.

Leadership Case Study

Articulation of issue, opportunity, destinations Essay Alan Baird, the establishing figure of Stitch it, a fundamentally shopping center based specialist organization which officials modification administrations to the private and open division, was currently the company’s CEO. In 1990, Baird sold Stitch it to a business bunch after deals and salary had started to slow. In the wake of selling his organization and having remained on as CEO, he administered the development of the organization and generally speaking extension structure the underlying 3 stores under Baird’s direct authority, to today’s 84 stores all through Canada and the United States. Presently having the chance to repurchase his undertaking, his little girl, Jennifer Baird has communicated her advantage I turning into an official in the Stitch It Group. Examination of circumstance In spite of the fact that Jennifer Baird has moved on from The University of Western Ontario with a bachelor’s certificate in the authoritative and business contemplates program in 2000, she needs continuous experience to go into the Stitch It Group and lead as an official. She would make some troublesome memories endeavoring to acclimate to the quick paced condition notwithstanding having the help from her friends or the regard from her workers without having earned her â€Å"stripes.† To address the worry, Alain Baird proposed an arrangement of assault to open his girl to the genuinely necessary experience by finishing a 10-year plan. The arrangement required her to expect the job of a nearby store climbing to overseeing tasks to different stores and afterward pivoting through situations in business activities, bookkeeping division, promoting and HR before heading into an official position ID and assessment of options Elective #1: Jennifer Baird can proceed with her training and her objective to be a top official by taking courses and acquiring a degree in business the executives. Bit of leeway: She would bring this instruction into a speculative 10-year program her dad will create and open her to genuine circumstances with the everyday tasks of the gathering. Drawback: This choice may stop her dad from buying the gathering in the way that it would be up to an extra four years of tutoring before she can go with and help him the business tasks. Elective #2: Alan Baird takes his little girl, Jennifer Baird, under the care of him and shows her â€Å"the ropes† subsequent to finishing her instruction at The University of Western Ontario and doles out her to and broadened temporary job program after he acknowledges the proposal to repurchase his past business gathering. Favorable position: Alan Baird satisfies his fantasy to work a privately-run company; what's more he guarantees himself his little girl gets the essential presentation to the victories and disappointment of maintaining the business. Detriment: Within time, Alan Baird probably won't have the physical endurance to maintain the privately-run company and stay aware of his daughter’s preparing. Choice, strategy, execution Elective #2 is the best strategy accessible to Alan Baird. By taking his little girl under his administration, he can share direct understanding and information to survive and proceed in the groups’ achievement and he can have the privately-run company he constantly looked for after.

New Student Photo Series 2011 #23 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2011 #23 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog It is not too late to submit photos if you are an incoming student.   See this post for details. Name:   Nicolas Rodriquez SIPA MPA 2013 Dancing at Proyecto This picture was taken at the 2009 Womens Conference of Proyecto Pastoral, a community-based organization in the Boyle Heights-area of Los Angeles. I have had a change to work with the organization since moving to LA and the Womens Conference is my favorite event to volunteer at.   Pictured here, La Santa Cecilia, a local band performs during a lunch break for participants. Looking Towards Skid Row I took this picture of a few friends as they stood on the roof of a former low-income housing hotel which is located on the edge of the Bank District in Downtown LA, next to Skid Row.     This area, recently gentrified has put a lot of pressure on the homeless Angelenos in the area, who used to rely on the old apartments and hotels of Downtown LA for shelter. Visiting Family My dad and I visited a family cemetery in Progreso, TX.   This plot was in my mothers family dating from the Mid-19th Century and is adjacent to a large sugarcane field.   This area lies on the edge of a new border fence being constructed along the border with Tamaulipas, MX. My name is Juan Manuel Rodilla Navarro (SPAIN) and I am an incoming MIA student. 2006 Ecuador. San Antonio del Tio Cajas. Several children attending a workshop for promoting lecture in their tiny village more than 2000m high in the Andes. 2007 Algeria. Sidi el houari, Oran. Participants in a laugh dynamic inside a project of theater teacher ´s formation. 2009 India. West Bengal, Kolcata. Proud child showing his self-made latrine, inside of a project of Community-led Total Sanitation (CLTS).

Animal Products Are Not Necessary For Good Health

â€Å"You put a baby in a crib with an apple and a rabbit. If it eats the rabbit and plays with the apple, I will buy you a new car†, said Harvey Diamond in his book â€Å"Fit for Life.† By nature, humans are not omnivores but society has the population blinded into believing animal products are a necessity to a healthy diet. Animals—other living things are dosed with hormones and seen as byproducts, their rights being ignored and denied. Cutting meat and other animal products out of the â€Å"normal† lifestyle would benefit humans just as well as animals (â€Å"Vegan Diets: Healthy and Humane†). Animal products are not necessary for good health, and removing them would have a positive effect on human health all around. No longer supporting the dairy and†¦show more content†¦The global appetite for meat is growing and there is not enough land to keep up with it. Meat production takes too much out of the environment. The earth’s resou rces are not limitless and the ignorance of us as a species is continuing to grow(â€Å"How does†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Technology will not save us from ourselves. The land is being used to raise livestock instead of crops and valuable resources are being wasted thus having a devastating effect on the world. Raising animals to be slaughtered is using up more than half of the water in America. While it takes 2,500 gallons of water to produce a pound of beef it only takes 25 gallons to produce a pound of wheat(â€Å"How does†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). According to PETA, the average pig factory creates the same amount of waste as a city with about 12,000 people in it(Bittman, Mark). Currently raising animals for food is the number one source of water pollution. Irreversible damage is being done to the only planet there is for human life yet no one seems to care. â€Å"The world’s cattle alone consume a quantity of food equal to the caloric needs of 10.7 billion people—more than the enti re human population.† Gradually reducing the consumption of meat throughout the population would have a positive impact on the rest of the world(â€Å"How does†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). People would not have to starve and animals would not have to die. Most of society believes that

The Universal Wish Bon appétit

Bon appà ©tit,  pronounced  bo na pay tee, is regarded all over the world as a polite wish to have a good meal.  Oxford Dictionary  calls it broadly a salutation to a person about to eat.  The literal meaning, good appetite, has scant bearing on the intended wish; people these days place more importance on the quality of the meal, especially in France, than on having a healthy appetite, which is more or less assumed. Nevertheless, the element of appetite persists in several languages. Hope You Enjoy Your Meal People may tell you that no one says bon appà ©tit anymore in France, that only a certain economic class still uses the term or some other negative thing about this expression. But its not true. To the contrary, the expression  bon appà ©tit is used generously throughout France—at dinner parties, in restaurants, on the plane, on the train, while picnicking in the park, even in the hallway of your apartment building with no food in sight. Youll hear it from friends, waiters, passers-by, people you know and people you dont. Basically anyone you see around mealtime will wish you a polite bon appà ©tit, whether youll be dining with them or not. And this is not limited to small towns; its  everywhere in France. The Wish in Other Languages Bon appà ©tit is often used in English, especially in polite company, when toasting a meal with wine and when  Francophiles are dining. The literal translation sounds strange, and the best English equivalents, Enjoy your meal or Have a nice meal, just dont have the same ring. Other Latinate European languages use almost identical wishes to the French bon appà ©tit: Catalan: Bon profitItalian: Buon appetito Portuguese: Bom apetiteSpanish: Buen apetito (though Buen provecho, Enjoy your meal,  is more common) Even the most Germanic of languages, German itself, uses a direct translation of bon appà ©tit:  Guten appetit.  And  in countries like Greece that are far removed from the French language but have long had a snobbish respect for French culture,  you can hear bon appà ©tit at dinnertime alongside the local kali orexi,  which by the way also means good appetite. Theres something to be said for the staying power of a universal wish about something so basic to our lives. To whomever is sitting down to eat right now:  Bon appà ©tit!

Factors Affecting Food choice Free Essays

1. Introduction The study of food is an important area of contemporary and anthropological concern. It is an essential component in our daily lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors Affecting Food choice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Besides providing the basic energy and sustenance necessary for life, it is a way of forging a personal connection with families and friends. While food may not seem to be an obvious marker of identity, it plays a crucial role in demarcating cultural identity. Most importantly, it is a reflection of who we are. Understanding the choice of diet is a complex endeavor discussed in various disciplines such as nutrition, economics, psychology, physiology and sociology. Food related behavior is influenced by a several variables. The three major determinants outlined by various models are the physical properties, psychological and social factors (Rozin, 2006). This paper explores on its cultural impact among individuals in different societies. Emphasis has been made on its role in social structure. Further, key factors determining the choice of food have been highlighted. The research question being answered here is â€Å"Does what we eat define who we are and where we come from?† 2. Literature review Much of existing literature has been broad based focusing on issues of health, quality and food safety. Studies on the factors affecting the choice of food are still few. In a study on the culinary habits in Hong Kong, David, Siumi Sidney (2002) were fascinated with the findings of their research. In their title â€Å"A study of food culture, changing tastes and identity in popular discourse†, they analyzed food and cultural identity in the context of demographic and family structure in Hong Kong. Their analysis revealed a process of culinary invention which reflected the larger social and cultural trends. Madison McFarlin (2009) studies revealed that the history of Britain had played a crucial role determining their cultural foods. The Romans brought cherries, peas, cabbages and stinging nettles. The Danes and the Vikings developed techniques for smoking and drying fish (Madison McFarlin, 2009). During the 12th century, the Normans did not only invade the country, but also changed their feeding habits. They encouraged consumption of beef, mutton and drinking of wine. This greatly influenced the diet of the British. These studies have immensely contributed in the coverage of the factors determining the choice diet. Consumer perceptions and attitudes towards their diets say a lot about them. 3. Theory Food is certainly one of the most favorite obsessions in human beings. We spend most of our time physically and mentally preoccupied with it. Human beings must procure, select, prepare and consume food so as to sustain their daily growth. However, the manner in which they do so reflect a complex interrelationship and interaction between individuals, culture and the society. (Anderson, 2005). Eating has implications on how we relate to the larger culture and what we think of ourselves. It is experienced differently through cultural traditions and forms an important part of our daily lifestyle. It presents a lot about our culture and defines where we come. Human beings are believed to differ from cultural habits in most regions in the world. The importance of food in understanding the cultural background lies precisely in its infinite variability. These variables include ingredients used, ways of preservation, preference, customs and beliefs (Conner Armitage, 2002). While anthropological study may arrange these variables systematically and provide a convincing explanation as to why the go together, the research posed here uses culture in relating these variables. 4. Research analysis Studies have confirmed that particular foods can inspire vivid memories (Carole Esterik, 1999). For example, people tend to develop great affection for foods taken during their childhood. This is because it reminds them of a particular time when life was less complicated. These memories are important because they provide us with a reflection of who we are. Sometimes, it reminds us of the past struggles against traditions. For instance, immigrant children are fond of shunning their traditional dietary food, and instead embrace the mainstream eating patterns even if the food is not that good. It should be noted that while human beings grow, they begin to craft their own identities separate from that prescribed by the traditions. People change their eating habits as a symbol of differentiating themselves from the roots embedded in their culture. Consequently, what we eat reflects our broader values. How we procure, select, prepare and consume food provides a reflection on what we value. Is economy and self discipline an important value to usDoes it provide us an opportunity to demonstrate our skillOr is it deliberately simply a rebellion of our values. A simple illustration is with the American government where the current fascination with obscure regional food traditions is a reflection of authenticity and simplicity in the lives of the Americans (Mason Singer, 2006). Different countries and nations associate themselves with certain diets. For example, Italians mainly prefer eating pizza and pasta as their main cultural diet. Chinese foods are often associated with flavorings such as ginger root, soy sauce and rice. Similarly, wine, lime, tomato and chili pepper are attributed to the Mexican cuisine (Logue, 2004). In Britain, Curry is the most popular food. Britain’s obsession with Indian Curry can be traced back to a time when India was still under British Empire. The fusion between the British and Indian culture is inescapably intertwined. Some of diet that falls in the category of Indian food was developed by British expatriates in India. Other dishes have however resulted from Indian immigration to the UK. Most dishes are now referred to as Indian yet they are a result of the fusion between the British and American Cuisines. This shows complex interrelationship portrayed by the two cultures and hence an important reflection of their cultural historical background. British children eat according to the directives of their guardians or parents. Some parents may at times take their children to fast food restaurants like McDonalds. However, most of the junky stuff obtained from these restaurants often leads to obesity. A situation characterized by increased mass content which affects both the adults and children. 5. Impact of culture on the choice of food Culture refers to the style of behavior or pattern that a group of people share. Generally, people within the same culture share the same assemblage of food variables while those of different cultures have different assemblage of these variables. As such we find same eating patterns and habits dominating within the same culture while people from different cultures exhibit entirely different eating habits.. It is important to note that these habits are not necessarily homogeneous within the same culture. People of different occupations or classes eat differently. Moreover, different religious sects have different eating codes. The type of occasion may at times determine what we eat. For example, the meal for a daily routine is totally different from that taken when mourning. It is a known fact that people differ in taste and preference. People in various stages of their lives eat differently. These differences are rooted in evolutionary and genetic heritage. While some of the differences are those of preference, others are downright prescribed. Identifying these differences and relating them to facets of social life is important in understanding the cultural impact of food among individuals in different societies (Gabaccia, 2000). Cultural influences often lead to difference in habitual consumption of foods. However, these influences are amenable to change. For example, immigrants may at times adopt a different diet and eating pattern different from that of the local culture. Dietary change is however not an easy task as it requires alteration in habits built over a lifetime Over hundreds of years, diets have been shaped by the local culture. Foods have immensely contributed in defining the culture and identity of many nations. The Italian, Mexican, Chinese and French foods have evolved independently with unique characteristics. The Southern diet in America has heavily been influenced by French traditions For a long time, food has played a prominent role in the society. It permeates many facets of our daily life. More so, the choice of diet is largely shaped by the socio cultural context and our own cognitive appraisal. This portrays much about our culture and style within the societal context. Generally, our eating habits and preference are often determined by the culture. The cultural environment dictates the type of diet and how they can be eaten. For example, insects and caterpillars are often shunned by most cultures; however, these components form an integral food source in Asian and Latin American countries. 6. Current situation and how these reflect on our identity Today, people eat food with origins in culture different from their own. For instance, In the United States, most of the dishes originated elsewhere yet these dishes have been modified to suit the popularity and taste of the mainstream. In the recent past, there has been increased incorporation of ethnic Cuisines into the diet of Americans. This is a reflection of the adaptability and flexibility of the Americans. Foods from Middle East, Asia and Latin American have also been incorporated into the American diet (Warde et al, 2000). Americans flexibility and adaptability portrayed by the successive generations experimenting with their neighbors’ customary diet illuminate the market place as one of the most important arena for defining our relations and expressing our identities. Americanized foods such as the spaghetti coexist happily with ethnic dishes and creative hybrids. Americans’ multi-ethnic eating is a constant reminder of how ethnic interaction is widespread and mutually enjoyable in the United States. Amid the existing wrangles over tribal differences and immigration, this reveals that the Americans on a basic level are multicultural. 7. Social context Social influences on the type of diet and our eating pattern is not a new phenomenon. The choice of food is influenced by social factors because our eating habits and attitude develop through interaction with others. Quantifying the impact on food intake is however difficult. Social influence on customary diet manifests itself through friendship and families. Dietary traditions vary widely around the globe. Even people from the same cultural background may at time portray different eating patterns. However, it can be associated with hospitality and friendship. While the customary diets vary, being able to share portray a sense of hospitality and friendship. Sharing of customary diets has not only transformed the cuisines of the Americans and Europeans, but also the Asian and African countries. Sharing ethnic diets is a way of sharing culture and this portrays our hospitality and friendship towards other cultures. Research studies from social sciences and psychology have emphasized on a strong relationship on the choice of food, culture and lifestyle. Evaluation of ourselves is easily made basing on the choice of food and brand selection. 8. Conclusion In summary, there are intrinsically no right ways of eating. While it may seem bizarre to others to eat certain types of food, these form part of the integral diet of other cultures. Clearly, the choice of food is largely determined by our culture. How we eat and what we eat reveals a lot about our history and defines who we are. 9. Reference Anderson.E (2005), Everyone eats: understanding food and culture, NYU press Carole.C Esterik.P (1997), Food and culture, Routledge Conner. M. Armitage. C (2002), Applying social psychology: The social psychology of food, Buckingham, Open University Press David, Siumi Sidney (2002), The globalization of Chinese foods, Hawaii, University of Hawaii Press Gabaccia.D (2000), We are what we eat: Ethnic food and the making of Americans, Harvard university press Gabaccia.D Donna R. (1998). We Are What We Eat. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Logue. A.W (2004), The psychology of eating and drinking, New York, Brunner-Routledge Madison.D McFarlin.P (2009), What we eat when we eat alone, Gibbs smith Mason.J Singer.P (2006), The way we eat: why our food choices matter, Rodale books publishers Rozin. P (2006), The integration of biological, social, cultural and psychological influence on food choice, Wallingford, Oxfordshire CABI publishers. Teff. K. Engelman. K (1996), Palatability and dietary restraint: Effect on cephalic phase insulin release in women. Journal of Physiology Behavior, 60(2), 567–573 Warde, Alan, Martens, Lydia (2000), Eating Out. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. How to cite Factors Affecting Food choice, Essay examples

Neoliberal Approach to Assessing Sustainability

All policy decisions depend on approaches of various policy actors based on their fundamental principles. Fundamental principles that influence policy decisions differ across policy domains. Also, their influences could be strong or weak while their considerations may be explicit or implicit. At the same time, some considerations could be unclear, unstated, obvious and/or stated.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Neoliberal Approach to Assessing Sustainability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In some policies, policy principles could be stated in their generic form to be used in an explicit manner (Dovers 2005). As a result, existing policies have fundamental drawbacks and open to criticism. This essay offers a critical analysis of the neoliberal approach to assessing sustainability. Neoliberal approach aims to foster sustainable economic growth, favours the profit motive and high growth rates (Davidson 20 11). The approach also values humans as vital species. According to neoliberalism, market-based economies will offer enough environmental protection, as well as optimal societal outcomes. This approach does not consider the role of the state, communities or individuals as vital. Instead, neoliberal approach places the ultimate faith in free markets and believes that the outcomes will ‘trickle down’ to address challenges. In this regard, one may argue that neoliberal approach promotes competition, non-restriction and a model for economic growth. In addition, any public, societal, or individual roles are inefficient, but competition remains the cornerstone of growth. Hence, one must strive to survive and nature will balance itself (Gunay Gulersoy 2010). There are underlying issues with the neoliberal ideology on sustainability. A study by Davidson, Kellett, Wilson, and Pullen (2012) noted that many actors that strived to differentiate indicators of urban sustainability o ften drew from the neoliberal, silo ideology to conceptualise sustainability. In this case, these models present sustainability as possessing economic, social and environmental dimensions (Davidson et al. 2012). The neoliberal approach, however, has been criticised for its â€Å"inability to account for challenges to sustainability arising from interactions among social, economic and environmental variables† (Davidson et al. 2012, p. 57).Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this regard, any sustainability model that cannot evaluate dimensional interactions and their collective impacts are also regarded as ineffective in offering critiques that address well-established structural issues associated with sustainability. The fundamental issue with the neoliberal approach is that, to a greater extent, it supports the substitution of capital resources. In this sense, it is assumed that capital and technological advancements will provide solutions to natural environment limitations. As a result, Neumayer claims that this is a weak version of sustainability because it promotes private interests and principles of free markets rather than the role of the state in social, economic and environmental dimensions (Neumayer 2003). On the other hand, radical ideologists have argued that the state has a fundamental role in protecting society and environments from uncontrolled business and technology activities, which could interfere with forces of the market. Neoliberal ideologists believe that all forms of capital can be substituted and technology developments will provide solutions to resource constraints. In other words, if a resource runs out, then other sources will be found to replace the existing one. In this regard, the degradation of natural forests does not matter because â€Å"new forest plantations can be created to provide the essential raw m aterials† (Davidson 2011, p. 4). Hence, there is no need to limit growth because â€Å"human and technological progress can overcome such challenges† (Davidson 2011, p. 4). Conversely, opponents present strong sustainability that seeks to restrict growth because they believe that both current and future generations will not be sufficiently compensated for depletion of natural resources occasioned by uncontrolled, increased utilisation. At the same time, they dismiss the claims that technologies will offer solutions to resource constraints. Many scholars like Springett and Foster and Beckerman have argued that the neoliberal approach does not promote sustainability further than its current strategy, which propagates maximisation of economic welfare in society (as cited in Davidson 2011, p. 3). In this regard, one may argue that neoliberal actors are working within the sphere of resource exploitation and optimism because of too much emphasis on resource utilisation, alloc ation and use of financial resources to promote quality.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Neoliberal Approach to Assessing Sustainability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Within this point of view, the environment, society and state are subsystems within an economic sphere. In other words, these actors favour economic growth as the only element that can offer a stronger foundation to its subsystems. Neoliberal policies could have detrimental outcomes to sustainability as they aims to distribute all resources that result from competition (Gunay Gulersoy 2010). The political economy of sustainability may posit that the approach could rediscover society through economic growth, high production, competition, innovation, and flexibility, among others. According to Gunay and Gulersoy (2010), urbanisation from the neoliberal point of view is then â€Å"all the economic development-led national state politics that supports privatization and free-market; and in which the role of state is restricted for governmental and economical efficiency in the frame of place competition† (p. 1). This trend, therefore, could eliminate cultural heritage or turn cultural property with public values to new values and promote personal interests and offers different interpretation to cultural values. Today, sustainability and urban conservation have become political weapons. While sustainability should protect cultural heritage and historical sites by promoting their social and economic values, within the framework of the neoliberal approach, policymakers have disregarded social importance of such cultural heritage and turned them into tools of promoting personal, political and economic interests. One major weakness of the neoliberal approach is that it disregards the role of other stakeholders such as state, communities and individuals in sustainability. Contrary to this belief, Kinzig found out that policymakers should use laws and regulations to change individuals’ behaviours to promote environmental conservation efforts such as recycling and energy efficiency by focusing on social values and the associated behaviours (Kinzig, 2013).Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The researcher notes that pro-environmental behaviours such as conservation and recycling could result into pro-environmental values (Kinzig, 2013). In other words, public policies, laws and regulations should aim to promote individuals’ behaviours that reinforce environmental conservation and lessen negative environmental impacts. The failure to account for the roles of all stakeholders in the neoliberal approach shows its major weakness. According to Armana and Davidson (2014), the role and significance of population to sustainability discussions remains vague and unclear. Population has not formed a major component of sustainability issue. In addition, scholars have ignored complexities that exist between population and sustainability despite the fundamental roles population plays in promoting sustainability and a just society. The neoliberal approach has not promoted the role of population in enhancing sustainability. As a result, it could be challenging to understand how this school of thought provides an account that captures the role of population in sustainability. Given this discrepancy, it could be difficult to make sense of the discourse about the neoliberal approach and the role of population. As noted earlier, Davidson et al. (2012) identified economic, social and environmental dimensions within typology drawn from the neoliberal ideology. In this regard, the neoliberal approach, however, has been criticised for its â€Å"inability to account for challenges to sustainability arising from interactions among social, economic and environmental variables† (Davidson et al. 2012, p. 57). The major challenge that the approach faces is the complexity of these factors and decision-making processes for a built, sustainable environment. Although the neoliberal approach is popular among contemporary policymakers, the approach is unable to offer sustainable solutions as the natural environment experiences pressure from population explosion, clima te change and inefficiency in resource consumption. It is, therefore, imperative to provide a robust approach that can inform and facilitate decision-making processes for a sustainable future. According to Irwin (2007), â€Å"the state, the market and labour relations have been completely overestimated as a mode of operating unchangeable stasis by the Neopragmatists† (p. 643). Neoliberal proponents have shown greater efforts to use the market to manage all forms of interactions and communication that involve individuals, institutions and the natural environment, among others. These theorists, however, have failed to recognise the changing circumstances with regard to application of the neoliberal approach. The neoliberal approach has a wider focus that has resulted into several, overwhelming impacts. While scholars have addressed several complicating factors with regard to the limit of categorical truth and issues of cause and effect, the conventional interpretations should b e discarded because they can no longer support the emerging trends associated with consumerism propagated by the neoliberal ideology. According to Irwin, it is essential to understand the prevailing situations well and one should not remain confined to the neoliberal ideology because â€Å"is not only unnecessary, it is short-sighted and detrimental to both the environment and humanity† (Irwin 2007, p. 643). Centner (2009) noted the failure of the neoliberal approach in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It was an attempt to conceptualise and implement a programme that focused on sustainable development by accounting for â€Å"a justice imperative, which encompassed environmental, sociopolitical, and economic concerns† (Centner 2009, p. 173). This attempt to adopt the Urban Environmental Plan faced several issues because of the challenges of prioritising many conflicting goals. According to Irwin, the issue of focus on planning entailed three fundamental neoliberal words noted i n sustainable development, namely â€Å"sustainability, participation, and competitiveness† (Centner 2009, p. 173). These key terms have led to prioritisation of incompatible material-symbolic landscapes. In short, Centner (2009) shows that the neoliberal approach has failed to achieve its intended goal because of competing interests. In such cases, Davidson recognises the need for tradeoffs among the three dimensions of sustainability (economic, social and environmental) (Davidson 2011). The failure of the plan could reflect the poor relationship between political actors and economy because both factors have critical role to play in outcomes of sustainability efforts. In the case of Argentina, the policy actor had a single school of thought on sustainability, but they were unable to manage competing goals of sustainability dimensions. These dimensions were different based on political actors’ perspectives. What are the alternative approaches to the neoliberal model? S tudies show that the neoliberal approach is popular with many urban sustainability plans. However, the neoliberal approach has critical issues and weaknesses that have poorly affected its practicality and applicability. On this note, Davidson et al. (2012) proposed a social democratic approach as an alternative to neoliberal ideology. The authors argue that it would shift categorisation from a neoliberal approach to a social democratic one by suggesting a plan for evaluating urban development â€Å"relational to themes of amenity, accessibility, equity and environmental performance relative to resource conservation† (Davidson et al., 2012, p. 57). The proposed model would be sensitive by accounting for all sustainability elements (social, economic and environmental) with regard to land use planning to sustain both the built and natural environments. Davidson (2011) notes that a social democratic model focuses on developing stronger global institutions and conservation efforts and effective state and local abilities to redistribute resources and manage constraints from the global political economy. Social democrats express deeper concerns regarding the environment, increasing inequalities and population explosion than liberals. While a social democratic model promotes free-market economic approaches, it uses specific terms, such as ‘development’ rather than ‘growth’ alongside quality development instead of quantity. A social democratic approach facilitates the protection of adequate physical resources for sustainable use. In this sense, it could be effective than the neoliberal approach that does not promote sustainable use of natural resources. Today, there are ongoing calls for ‘environmental justice’. However, like other categorised approaches, the environmental justice remains vaguely and loosely defined, particularly within the sphere of social movement demands. According to Schlosberg (2004), many have attribu ted environmental justice to the issue of â€Å"equity, or the distribution of environmental ills and benefits† (p. 517). Schlosberg notes that restricting environment justice to equity leads to incomplete definition because many stakeholders such as activists, NGOs and communities have advocated for much than equitable distribution of ills and benefits. The author strives to point out the inadequacy of a recent model that should promote sustainability. A political economy typology of sustainability is an important tool that guides policymakers and their ideologies when formulating sustainability policies. In reality, models such as neoliberal, environmental justice or social-democratic show how political actors argue over effective solutions to promote environmental, social and economic elements of sustainability. This critical analysis of the neoliberal approach shows its issues and weaknesses. It shows that the model may fail because of poor definitions of key terms, compe ting interests and failure to achieve tradeoffs. As a result, these models lack strong foundations for promoting environmental sustainability. They also show that policy actors may fail to understand the prevailing situations because of rigid ideological paradigms that structure and layer their arguments. A structured approach to a political economy typology could be an effective means of evaluating sustainability and potential solutions because it allows scholars to categorise various ideologies. Hence, sustainability scholars can focus on effective sustainability approaches (Davidson, 2011). The model can aid in categorising diverse opinions and discourses and differentiate various views based on the actor’s approach to economy, society and the environment. A structured approach can ensure that stakeholders understand diverse views. In this regard, there would be broader views of all different approaches, which could allow scholars to evaluate merits of these diverse models . Reference List Armana, M. Davidson, K. 2014, ‘A typology to position population within sustainability discourse’, Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 433-448. doi: 10.1080/13549839.2013.790351. Centner, R. 2009, ‘Conflictive sustainability landscapes: the neoliberal quagmire of urban environmental planning in Buenos Aires’, Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 173-192. DOI: 10.1080/13549830802522079. Davidson, K. 2011, ‘A Typology to Categorize the Ideologies of Actors in the Sustainable Development Debate’, Sustainable Development, vol. 22, no. 1pp. 1-14. DOI: 10.1002/sd.520. Davidson, K., Kellett, J., Wilson, L. Pullen, S. 2012, ‘Assessing urban sustainability from a social democratic perspective: a thematic approach’, Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 57-73. DOI: 10.1080/13549839.2011.631990. Dovers, S. 2005, Environment and Sustainability Policy: Creation, Implementation and Evaluation, Federation Press, Australia. Gunay, Z. Gulersoy, N. 2010, Sustainability of Historic Environment in the Neoli.  Web. Irwin, R. 2007, ‘The neoliberal state, Environmental Pragmatism, and its discontents’, Environmental Politics, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 643-658. doi: 10.1080/09644010701419154. Kinzig, A. 2013, ‘Social Norms, Behavior Influence Environmental Policy‘, BioScience Magazine. Web. Neumayer, E. 2003, Weak versus Strong Sustainability, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Schlosberg, D. 2004, ‘Reconceiving Environmental Justice: Global Movements And Political Theories’, Environmental Politics, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 517-540. DOI: 10.1080/0964401042000229025 This research paper on Neoliberal Approach to Assessing Sustainability was written and submitted by user Brooklynn K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.